A key issue related to the sustainable development of Delhi, and a minimum quality and standard of living pertains to the availability of, and accessibility to basic infrastructure facilities viz. water, power, sewerage, drainage and solid waste management. The rapid and almost uncontrolled growth of population has put these facilities under severe pressure, and there are significant deficiencies. Even a cursory analysis of the present state of affairs, infrastructure problems could become a cause of crisis. Sewerage and solid waste management are GNCTD affairs but water supply, power and drainage are Inter-State issues. Thus critical need of advance action and arrangement is required for the adequate provision of physical infrastructure. For each component a broad augmentation plan is essential to meet the projected requirement. GNCTD should prepare a detailed and integrated plan in coordination with concerned authorities, NGOs and community groups.
The Master Plan envisages an integrated approach that packages mutually supportive infrastructure components i.e. water-sewerage-drainage for recycling, harvesting and optimal use of water; solid waste-sewerage-power for power generation, etc. Innovative techniques for the use of alternative technologies like solar energy, recycling, etc., are also to be encouraged. The Plan accepts the need for institutional capacity building, "User Pays" approach and public private partnership as tools for institutional strengthening. To improve the efficiency and to boost the performance, more community participation and decentralized management is required. Technical feasibility of rehabilitation/ augmentation network of sewerage, water supply and drainage is required on priority for old built up areas and the areas identified for redevelopment.
The existing availability and projected requirement for physical infrastructure components as indicated by the agencies concerned are given in the Annexure I to IV.
Delhi depends largely on river Yamuna and partially on river Ganga for its share of raw water. For sustainable development of Delhi, it is essential to ensure adequate supply of water in terms of reliability, quality and quantity. Although, Delhi has an average water availability of 225 lpcd, the distribution of the same is not uniform. Some areas get 24 hrs water supply, whereas some get hardly 1-2 hr water in a day. In line with the norms laid down in CPHEEO Manual 1999, in respect of mega cities, after taking into account 15% losses, the minimum water supply @ 172 lpcd will have to be ensured for domestic use for the projected population. The water requirement has to be made from river water allocation and ranney wells in Yamuna flood plains. The future supply crucially depends on the progress of the proposed dams in U.P, Uttranchal and H.P; Satluj Yamuna link canal and Sharda Yamuna link canal. Further it will also depend upon the conveyance system, which should be in place before the release of allocated water to Delhi. However to some extent localised ground water extraction and its supply after treatment to prescribed level of quality may also be required to meet up the demands. In addition, promotion of recycled wastewater based on techno economic feasibility is also to be done by the concerned agencies for water augmentation.
To improve the water supply in accordance with the projected requirement upto the year 2021 Inter-State river water allocation is required to be worked out. All measures are to be taken to reduce unaccounted flow of water (UFW) and production losses at existing water treatment plants. The drainage basins shall be made self-sustainable in water management by integrating water-sewerage-drainage systems. It is imperative to not only initiate new projects and upgrade present infrastructure, but also to promote water conservation through an integrated and a community driven model, comprising of complimentary short term and long term measures as given below:
1. Towns / cities have so far been planned by their respective authorities for their individual needs. There has been total lack of regional approach for sustainable use of available water and its conveyance from areas of plenty to scarcity. The raw water augmentation should not be territory specific but it should be on regional basis irrespective of State boundaries
2. Recycling of treated wastewater with separate lines for potable water and recycled water. For this, dual pipeline system has to be introduced in a phased manner in all the areas
3. Ground water recharging through rain water harvesting, conserving water bodies and controlling groundwater extraction:
i)
Groundwater extraction is to be controlled through registering boreholes and recharging according to test yields. Ground water management is to be enforced by concerned agency.
ii)
Focused planning and action will be required to be taken to prepare and implement rain water as roof water harvesting schemes both with the aim of optimizing water use and ground water recharge. For this suitable mandatory provision should be made for planning and construction of various schemes.
iii)
Blue print is required to be prepared for Integrated Water Management of all the water resources in the NCR as well as potential for water reservoirs in Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal. Further it is vital to identify all the potential surface water sources, ground water aquifers and inter-basin opportunities for transfer of water to the region. This should include water mapping, desilting of existing lakes / depressions for augmentation of storage of rain / flood water, capturing the monsoon run off, rain water harvesting, reuse and recycling of waste water and measures for conservation of water, inter-basin transfer of water. It should also ensure the conservation of natural depressions, water bodies, flood plains and aquifers. Major water bodies can be developed as places of tourist interest / picnic spots to make them sources of revenue as well as to ensure their protection. The concepts of 'zero run-off drainage', with retention ponds, sediments traps and balancing lakes should be adopted, with a segregated wastewater disposal system. A green network overlapping the blue network would protect the ecology of aquifers, and also provide a pleasant environment. Simple methods of site planning, which incorporate porous/semi permeable paving, drop inlet / down pipe, sediment trap, retention ponds, etc. will contribute in maintaining ground water table.
iv)
Yamuna River, major drains and canals, with indiscriminate dumping of wastes, have become polluted and foul. These need strict pollution control measures and eco-sensitive land use controls. Water flow needs to be controlled and stabilized and marked at each kilometer station. The valleys should be zoned as water portals, so that these are flanked with greenery, farmlands and forests.
v)
One of the prime objectives of development should be to live in harmony with the environment. Efforts should be made to improve the quality of riverwater, to secure its continuous flow and to encourage the return of aquatic life. This needs improvement of drainage, waste water treatment and pollution abatement by sewerage improvement. The surplus water during the monsoons should be retained in balancing ponds along the riverbed rather than allowing it to the downstream areas.
vi)
The drains and waterfront can be landscaped in the form of interconnected parkways. There is no need for elaborate gardening of the greenways, but wild, simple and natural stretch by itself would be ecologically important. Such trails could be one of the cheapest forms of drainage and recreation.
vii)
Water supply in new areas should incorporate separate lines - one for washing, water coolers and garden taps, the second for supplying potable water. All non-residential buildings saving a discharge of over 10,000 litres a day should incorporate a wastewater recycling. The capacity of the sewage treatment plants / recycling plants would be equal to or more than the water inflow requirements so that it may be possible to treat major part of the discharge excepting toilets and kitchen discharge. Keeping in view the uses of recycled water, a policy shall be formulated for determining the optimum water requirements for various uses
viii)
The wasteful practice of 'drill, pump, and spill' has to be replaced by efficient methods of water conservation, use, and recycling as standard and mandatory procedures. There is a need to incorporate the mandatory stipulation of water saving / waterless flushing system in the Building Bye-laws.
ix)
At the time of preparation of zonal Development Plans, water bodies, large depressions and other ground water recharging areas will be identified and protected from unintentional filling and encroachments. At the time of preparation of Zonal Development Plans, appropriate areas should be identified and earmarked for utilities pertaining to Power (Power Plants and Substations), Water (Sewage Treatment Plants and Sewage Pumping Stations) and Solid Waste management (Solid Waste Treatment Plants and Sanitary landfill sites). Appropriate and should accordingly be earmarked for solid waste management keeping in view a long-term perspective.
4. Where the hazard of pollution exists, the minimum charge for operating permits should cover the expenses of adequate policing and controls. Mandatory performance bonds and liability insurance should pay for all damages plus any corrective measures, which might be needed. As a governing rule, no new development, manufacturing, process or operation of any polluting activity should be permitted, which may result in the significant degradation of any water resource.
5. About half of the water that is treated and distributed at public expense is nonrevenue water. This is due to unrecorded usage or illegal taps and water connections. Reducing water losses is cheaper than augmenting water capacity for such losses.
To provide additional supply of water, augmentation of existing water treatment plants is proposed as given in Table 14.1. The actual provision of water treatment plants should be monitored depending on availability of raw water and need of potable water
Corresponding requirement of land shall be kept in view.
Table 14.1. Water Augmentation Plan
S.No.
Water Treatment plants
Capacity 2001 (in mgd)
Capacity* 2021 (in mgd)
1
Chandrawal I & II
90
100
2
Wazirabad
120
130
3
Haiderpur I & II
200
216
4
Bhagirathi
110
5
Dwarka
-
40
6
Sonia Vihar
140
7
Nangloi
8
Bawana
20
9
Okhla
10
Ranney wells at Okhla
12
11
Palla and other ground water sources
91
Total
650
919
* Capacity 2021 is as proposed by DJB.
In addition, new water treatment plants may be identified for potable water requirement.
Sewerage is the core element of physical infrastructure that determines the environmental status of any city and requires minute planning, development and management. Development of appropriate sewerage system with efficient sewage treatment is vital to facilitate balanced and harmonized development. Augmentation of existing inadequate systems / treatment facilities as well as adoption of new technologies of waste treatment demands special efforts. Further, it is pertinent to point-out that the existing capacity of sewerage system in Delhi is grossly inadequate, as only about 55% of the population is covered under organised sewerage system and about 15% under on-site sanitation systems. Rest of the population does not have proper access to sanitation facilities. The sewage treatment facility is also inadequate. The increasing pollution in the river Yamuna is a major indicator of lack of sewage treatment facilities.
By the year 2021 entire Delhi should be served by regular sewerage system. It should be developed in a phased manner. The areas where immediate regular sewerage system is not available, low cost sanitation system by individual families could be adopted as a short-range provision. These should be planned in such a way that in the long term regular sewerage could be provided. To improve the sewerage and sanitation, the surface drainage and sewerage systems would have to be developed in an integrated manner.
Planning of the city must incorporate land at appropriate locations for sewage treatment plants (STPs), sewage pumping stations, recycling plants for waste water, sewage treatment plants, common effluent treatment plants (CETPs) with supportive distributive infrastructure i.e. conveyance system to be laid to carry treated wastewater from STPs to the areas for alternative uses. Decentralised STPs with smaller capacities are to be provided at the community / subcity level. Possibility of recovering energy/ gas as fuel from sewage shall be explored.
The liquid waste would be taken care of by augmenting the capacity of existing treatment plants as well as through new sewerage treatment plants. The sewerage system is designed to handle domestic liquid waste @ 80 % of the water supply, which has to cater to 1100 mgd (4950 mld) of waste water by the year 2021. The wastewater is also generated due to the use of ground water drawn from the boreholes installed by the public. The needed capacity has to be monitored with provision of water recycling infrastructure and mini / decentralised treatments. The treated sewage effluent should be recycled for non-potable uses like gardening, cooling towers, etc. The sewerage augmentation plan is given in Table 14.2.
Table 14.2: Sewerage Augmentation Plan
Treatment plants
170
Keshav Pur
72
Nilothi
70
Coronation pillar
50
Rithala
80
Kondli
45
Others
a) Sen Nursing Home Nalla STP
2.2
b) Delhi Gate Nalla STP
17
c) Yamuna Vihar
d) Timarpur
e) Mehrauli
New plants in North Delhi
a) Narela / Alipur
b) Rohini
15
55
New plants in West Delhi
a) Dwarka / Pappankalan
b) Najafgarh
New plants in South Delhi
a) Vasant Kunj
b) Ghitorni
c) Badarpur
512.4
805.2
* Total sewerage treatment capacity based on 80% of water supply of 2011. Capacity 2021 is as proposed by DJB.
In addition, new sewerage treatment plants may be identified as per requirement
Drainage has two aspects: flood protection and storm water discharge, which are interrelated. The storm water and flood protection in Delhi are not local but have regional bearing including areas of Haryana and Rajasthan. The main drainage system of Delhi is such that all water collected through main drains, link drains and small rivulets is discharged into Yamuna. On the basis of topographical characteristics and existing drainage network, NCT of Delhi has been divided into five drainage basins namely Najafgarh, Alipur, Shahdara, Khushak nallah and Mehrauli. The blockage of natural channel is a matter of concern. It is mainly because of the encroachment by slum dwellers along the drains which causes choking of drains and flooding in the upstream areas due to reduced carrying capacity. The other major reason is dumping of solid waste in the drains causing blockage. The blockage of natural depressions and drainage channels must be prohibited.
To improve the drainage system of Delhi, effluent treatment plants should be provided at outfall of drains and aeration units at interceptions with advanced techniques for maintenance of drains. A time bound action program for augmentation and capacity revision of existing and new drains (due to increase in run off from urban extensions) is also vital. Check dams and depression / lakes may be designed for increasing ground water table and as storm water holding points wherever needed. The design shall preserve the natural drainage pattern after the development of an area.
Drainage should be linked with the ecology and green networks, by adopting the concept of "bio-drainage".
Regular desilting of drains and control of dumping of solid waste / malba into the drains should be taken up. Public awareness program need to be taken up in association with NGOs and RWAs to make the people aware about the consequences of dumping malba in the drains.
Other measures essential for proper drainage are the following:
Drainage to be integral part of Road Development Plans / flyover / Grade Separators.
A proper database should be prepared and GIS based drainage mapping and planning should be promoted.
Sub-wells need to be developed under flyovers for trapping rainwater.
Pump houses in low-lying areas should be provided with back-up power.
Remodelling of selected drains may also be required considering the upstream flow in the region.
The present total availability of power is 3170 MW. The existing power generation stations within Delhi and their capacity are given:
Table 14.3: Existing Power generation Stations in Delhi
Station
Installed Capacity (MW)
Present Generation (Max) (MW)
Rajghat Power Station
135
105
IP Power Station
247.5
160
GT Power Station
282
210
Pragati Power Station
330
Badarpur Thermal Power Station
705
630
1699.5
1435
Source: GNCT-Delhi
Based on the 17th Electricity Power Survey of India, Central Electricity Authority (CEA), requirement of power for Delhi in the year 2021, as tentatively estimated by the Delhi Transco Ltd. is 11000 MW. To meet the additional requirement of 7830 MW, the concerned agencies need to augment the power supply and improve the transmission and distribution system. The additional power requirement would be met from allocated share from the grid system and local generation for which required land component will be identified. Further, land for transmission network and grid stations will be identified in the Zonal Development Plans / Urban Extension Plans as per requirement. A 400 KV ring has been established around Delhi to draw power from northern regional grid.
A detailed Sectoral Plan for power development in NCT-Delhi may be prepared by the concerned agencies in consultation with DDA within one year after the approval of the MPD-2021.
Table 14.4: Proposed Power Plants
In NCTD
Pragati-II
Pragati-III
1000
I.P.
700
2030
Outside NCTD
Location
Generation
For Delhi
Year of Commissioning
Jhajjar (Haryana)
1500 MW
750 MW
2010
DVC (West Bengal)
2600 MW
2007-11
THDC (Uttranchal)
1000MW
600 MW
TOTAL
3950 MW
2011
The remaining power requirements are proposed to be met from the power projects proposed to be taken up during the 11th Plan period. The Government of NCT of Delhi should enter into power purchase agreements with power generating companies for effectively meeting Delhi's power demand within a perspective plan framework
Following critical areas need to be attended for energy efficiency:
The concept of energy efficiency should begin with the idea of Zero-fossil Energy Development (ZED) which envisages an urban form and design of passive building envelope that reduce the demand for power to the point where it becomes economically viable to use energy from renewable resources. This involves a holistic approach combining the issues and actions at various levels of planning, design, construction and maintenance leading to a sustainable and energy efficient regime. The city geometry, restructuring and zoning with self-contained neighbourhoods could minimise the need to travel and substantial saving of recurring energy / fuel consumption. Integrated mass transport system, traffic and transit operation and management, better tele-communications, promoting bicycles and NMV transport, is another major area of energy efficient habitat. The introduction of energy audit and design of energy efficient buildings by site planning, heights, form, construction and materials and reducing energy demand by passive micro-climatic design approach, intelligent energy controls, heat recovery, landscape, opening design, furnishings, etc., are the critical considerations. The key to future is a cybernetic form of sustainable energy, which integrates symbosis, recycling and energy chains.
Load management techniques and energy accounting should be adopted. Schemes to minimise power thefts / losses by improved metering arrangements should be enforced.
Non-conventional energy sources like recovering energy from sewerage, solar energy, etc. should be used for street lighting, lighting at public spaces, open areas, traffic signals, hoardings, etc
To supplement part of the estimated growing power requirement, non-conventional sources / solar energy and other actions proposed are as follows:
Solar energy should be encouraged for all establishments with floor area of more than 300 sqm.
Solar Panels for public advertising, lighting in open areas, public utilities, streets, etc.
As alternate mandatory arrangement during power cuts to replace generators / inverters etc.
Adoption of Load Management Technique.
Tariff restructuring and improved metering arrangement to minimize power thefts / losses.
Interim solutions of single point connection in unauthorized colonies and jhuggies.
Private Sector Participation in different stages of Power generation, transmission and distribution.
Incentivising energy savings and use of energy efficient gadgets.
Public awareness, capacity building and training
As per Asian Development Bank's report (1997) potential in saving due to better overall efficiency in domestic sector is about 20% by adopting following measures:
a)
Replacement of low efficiency incandescent lamp with high efficiency fluorescent tubes (CFLs) without compromising with the lumens output
b)
Similarly for refrigerators, which account for 30% of total electricity consumed, measures like increased thickness of foam insulation, use of high coefficient compressors increased evaporator surfaces, use of tighter door seals and through technical improvements can reduce consumption from 540 KWH/year to 300 KWH/year (for a 165 litre refrigerator)
c)
Incandescent bulbs, neon tubes and fluorescent lamps are giving way to lightemitting microchips that work longer, use less power and allow the use of light in new ways. The chips, known as light emitting diodes, or LEDs have huge performance advantages in many mundane tasks (such as traffic lights). These consume 80 per cent less electricity than the bulbs and have longer life. Moreover, they have the safety advantage of gradually fading instead of burning out. This eventually results in huge savings in terms of energy and maintenance costs.
The problem of solid waste management in Delhi is assuming serious proportions due to increasing population, urbanisation, changing lifestyles and consumption patterns. Thegarbage from unauthorised developments, slums, JJ settlements, etc is not collected which further adds to the environmental degradation. The projected average garbage generation upto the year 2021 is @ 0.68 kg per capita per day and total quantum of solid waste is 15750 tons/day as given in Table 14.5.
Table 14.5: Quantum of Municipal Solid Waste (Tons/Day)
Local body area
Existing capacity 2001
Project generation for 2021
MCD
5250
15100
NDMC
245
550
Cantonment
48
5543
15750
Management of solid waste involves waste generation, segregation and storage; waste collection; waste transfer / transportation; treatment, recycle, reuse, recovery; and disposal. For effective waste management, its segregation at the community and neighbourhood level is imperative. The waste shall be segregated and collected, in separate chambers at dalaos. For this, involvement of rag pickers with RWAs, CBOs and NGOs is to be encouraged.
The projected composition of municipal waste for the Plan period is estimated as given in Table 14.6. For biodegradable and recyclable waste, which is segregated at the source, decentralised treatment at neighbourhood level may be adopted, while for nonbiodegradable, centralised treatment may be followed.
Table 14.6: Projected Composition of Total Municipal Solid Waste for 2021
Constituents
Quantum(in tons)
Percentage to total waste
Bio-degradable
6000
38
Non Bio-degradable
Recyclable
3750
24
Notes:
Above figures are based on Report on Solid Waste Management in Delhi conducted by NEERI, Nagpur through DDA;
Figures of MCD are based on 'Feasibility study in Master Plan for Optimal Waste Treatment & Disposal for the entire State of Delhi' June, 2004 by COWI Consultants appointed by MCD.
The other type of specialised waste includes biomedical waste; hazardous waste from industries; construction debris and fly ash; meat processing centre etc. Disposal of biomedical waste is to be as per bio-medical waste rules and hazardous waste requires special handling according to hazardous waste handling rules. Proper dumping, recycling and reuse of construction debris and fly ash have to be linked. Meat processing centre waste is to be recycled for chicken feed etc.
Considering the nature of solid waste and the economic aspects of its disposal, major part of solid waste especially non bio-degradable has to be disposed off in sanitary landfills. Recycling should be preferred than disposing off the waste in sanitary landfill sites' wherever possible. The segregation of solid waste should start at the point of generation of the waste. It should be collected in two separate bags of green and black colour. The involvement of RWAs and Rag pickers association will reduce the quantum of waste drastically. And it will also result in the reduction of area required for landfill sites.
Further, some more viable alternatives to landfills are vermiculture, fossilisation, composting etc. Waste Minimisation Circles (WMCs) should be constituted and made effective. Implementation and monitoring & Bio-Medical Wastes (Handling & Management) Rules, 1998, for hospitals, nursing homes, and clinics should be taken up. The sites, which are filled up or are in operation, are given in Table 14.7. The filled up sites may be reused for plantation or as recreational area. The proposed sites for sanitary landfill and compost plants are to be finalised by the MCD.
Table 14.7: Existing Landfill sites for Waste Management
Area(in ha.)
Remarks
Kailash Nagar, East Delhi
1.8
Filled up
Tilak Nagar, West Delhi
16
Subroto Park
Purana Qila / Bharion Road
2.7
Timarpur
Sarai Kale Khan
Gopal pur
Chhaterpur
1.7
S.G.T. Nagar
14.4
I.P. Depot
Sunder Nagar
2.8
Tuglakabad Extension
2.4
13
Haider Pur
1.6
14
Mandawali Fazilpur
Rohini Phase III
4.8
Near Hastal Village in West Delhi
9.6
Site near Ghazipur Dairy Farm
28
In operation
18
Site near Jhangipur / Bhalswa
19
Okhla Phase I
12.8
Crossing on G.T. Karnal Road
3.2
21
Jaitpur / Tajpur
9.84
New
22
Near Puthkhurd
23
Bawana to Narela Road
Sultanpur Dabas (Bawana)
Appropriate land should be earmarked for solid waste management keeping in view a long-term perspective.
The area required for solid waste disposal through various technologies including sanitary landfill sites shall be reserved in the Zonal Plans. This shall also include buffer zone of 'no development' around landfill sites. Keeping in view the fact that finding new sanitary landfill sites in Delhi is becoming extremely difficult, there is no option, but to resort to alternative and decentralised methods of waste treatment, reduction, recycle and use, which include vermiculture, fossilisation and composting. Pilot projects in this regard have been taken up by the MCD with the consultants.
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